Hatshepsut v. Tuthmosis: A Royal Feud?

With permission, I am republishing the post A royal feud? written by Jennie Weber. I think it is interesting and worth publishing again.

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This is an interesting article on the "feud" that has often been put forth as why many of Hatshepsut's monuments were destroyed. This is a major issue for Ancient Egyptians as they believed that this is how the Pharoah lived on in etnerity and to destroy their statues and writings (so their memory) was to destroy their soul in the afterlife. The bulk of the destruction was done during her stepson, Tuthmosis' reign, and so many assumed that he hated his stepmother for taking some of his power (as she ruled as co-regent). Dr. Joyce Tyldesley has this to say on Tuthmosis:

It is undeniable that someone attacked Hatshepsut's monuments after her death. Archaeology indicates that the bulk of the vandalism occurred during Tuthmosis' reign. Why would he do this? At first it was imagined that this was the new king's immediate revenge against his stepmother; he was indeed cursing her with permanent death. The image of the young Tuthmosis seething with impotent rage as Hatshepsut ruled in his place is one which has attracted amateur psychologists for many years. However, it does not entirely fit with the known facts.

Tuthmosis was to prove himself a calm and prudent general, a brave man not given to hasty or irrational actions. He did not start his solo reign with an assault on Hatshepsut's memory; indeed, he allowed her a traditional funeral, and waited until it was convenient to fit the desecration into his schedule. Some of the destruction was even carried out by his son, after his death, when most of those who remembered Hatshepsut had also died. It is a remote, rather than an immediate, attack.

Furthermore the attack is not a thorough one. Enough remained of Hatshepsut to allow us to recreate her reign in some detail. Her tomb, the most obvious place to start the attack, still housed her name. Hatshepsut may have been erased from Egypt's official record, but she was never hated as Akhenaten 'The Great Criminal' would later be.

So what does she think happened?

What can we conclude from this tangled tale? We should perhaps rethink our assumptions. Hatshepsut did not fear Tuthmosis; instead of killing him, she raised him as her successor. Tuthmosis may not have hated Hatshepsut. Initially he may even have been grateful to her, as she had protected his land while training him for greatness. But, as he grew older and looked back over his life, his perspective would shift. Would Egypt's most successful general, a stickler for tradition, have wished to be associated with a woman co-regent, even a woman as strong as Hatshepsut?

By removing all obvious references to his co-ruler Tuthmosis could incorporate her reign into his own. He would then become Egypt's greatest pharaoh; the only successor to Tuthmosis II. Hatshepsut would become the unfortunate victim, not of a personal attack, but of an impersonal attempt at retrospective political correctness.

Tuthmosis set his masons to re-write history. Their labours would last well into the reign of his successor, Amenhotep II, a king who could not remember Hatshepsut, and who had no reason to respect her memory. Meanwhile, hidden in the Valley of the Kings, Hatshepsut still rested in her coffin. Tuthmosis I had been taken from their joint tomb and re-buried, but she had been left alone. Tuthmosis knew that as long as her body survived, Hatshepsut was ensured eternal life.

I find this story - that Tuthmosis was trying to improve his image - as more pausible. It makes sense with the partial destruction and shows that while he was trying to negate her role, he wasn't trying to kill her memory - merely change it to suit himself.

Egyptian Museum Cairo Egypt

Egyptian Museum (Museum of Egyptian Antiquities) Cairo Egypt

Egyptian museum image courtesy: egyptgiftshop.com

The essence of all under one roof

The word Egypt creates a mosaic of images in a reader’s mind consisting of the gigantic pyramids guarded by fearsome Sphinx; never ending sand dunes of the Sahara Desert, the great River Nile and numerous monuments standing on its banks bathed in the desert sun; etc all grand and impressive. When all these monuments get stored beneath one roof what can that place be called? Well we can call it The Egyptian Museum! Because it contains at least even a fragment from every monument found in Egypt. There may be no Pharaoh who had not left at least a trace of his belongings to this museum; whether it is Queen Hatshepsut, Akhenaton, Thutmose, Ramesses of any number; all are represented.

A child of Ismail Pasha

Egyptian museum image courtesy: dignubia.org

The Egyptian Museum was established in 1835 by the initiative of Ismail Pasha; the architect of modern Cairo. At first it was opened with the collections received from Augusto Mariette a French archaeologist engaged by Ismail Pasha. Its first location was at Azbakia Gardens at the Center of Cairo. It was then moved to Bulaq a nearby place in 1858. Damages to the building due to flood in Nile necessitated a change and a building of its own came to being. The present museum built in 1902 was designed by a French architect Marcel Dournon. It is a huge neoclassic building built in 1902 and located in Midan el Thahrir, Cairo. It has two floors (ground floor and the upper floor).

Auguste Mariette

The idea of Egyptian Museum actually belongs to Auguste Mariette who could convince Ismail Pasha of the necessity of such a set up to protect the monuments from looting and vandalizing. Mariette was a French scholar/explorer of the 19^th century who had contributed in enriching ancient Egyptian history. It was he who excavated the Khafre’s Pyramid at Giza in 1853 – 58. Later in 1881 he brought forth the Pyramid Texts carved on the walls of the tomb in Pyramid of Pepi I at Saqqarah.

No parallel

Egyptian museum image courtesy: richard-seaman.com

Egyptian Museum is the richest display center of Egyptian antiquities in the world that houses about 16,000 artifacts of which less than half is displayed on the shelves and the rest kept in the stores. Certain items are taken out from the store and displayed as ‘the articles of the month’. In 2002 at the time of the 2^nd centenary of the new building very special items that were never exhibited were on display. Most of these materials were collected from various sites like ancient temples, royal tombs, pyramids, and various locations that lie scattered all around Egypt.

Texts of archaeologists

The museum has two floors Ground Floor of the museum has 42 rooms and the upper floor has 47. Antiquities belonged to 4^th, to the 25^th dynasties, royal and private relieves, paintings, figurines, those retrieved from Giza, remains from the Middle and New Kingdoms like large sculptures, sarcophagi, statues etc are displayed. Other artifacts of historical importance are coins, papyrus, pieces of pottery and various artifacts most of them belonging to the New Kingdom (between 1550 and 1070 BC).

Chronological settings

The artifacts are arranged in chronological order and a visitor can be a time traveler while seeing the artifacts as they are arranged. One who follows the order will finally reach the ground floor where there are items from Thutmose III, IV, Amenophis, Queen Hatshepsut, and Meherpren are stored after a travel that lasted 5000 years!

Egyptian museum image courtesy:richard-seaman.com

1 the first section and most valuable is the treasures of Tutankhamun.

2. Monuments pertaining to the Pre-dynasty Old Kingdom.

3. Fist Intermediate and Middle Kingdom.

4. Monuments pertaining to the Modern Kingdom.

5. Monuments from the Greco- Roman Period.

6. Coins and papyrus collections.

7. Sarcophagi (stone coffins generally adorned with a sculpture) of royal members).

1. The treasures of Tutankhamun; the son of King Akhenaton and his second wife Kiye; wore the crown at the age of eight/nine and dead at the age of 18. He was buried in The Valley of Kings in tomb number KV 62 along with all the materials he used while living. These remains include a mask and chest plate made of solid gold (that itself weighed 24 pounds, more over the weapons, rare ornaments, instruments, decorated chest for ivory and ornaments, four chariots for war and ride, vases, flasks, and various items altogether 3500 in number. Admission to this hall requires costly ticket.

2. The section for Monuments of Old Kingdom; The Old Kingdom spans from 3^rd to 6^th dynasties. The monuments like statues, potteries spoons etc pertain to this period as well as those belonging prehistoric times. The Old Kingdom is also known as the Kingdom of Pyramids as Pyramids were constructed at this time.

3. Section for the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom,

This period following the Old Kingdom was a time of disunity for Egypt; it is believed that most of the tomb robberies were made in this period when River Nile shrunk and agriculture was reduced. This period was marked by less construction activities. The monuments include numerous statues including one big statue of Hotep, statue of a Hippo, numerous figurines, Pillar of Senusret with bas relief, funerary masks, ornaments one beautiful female brewer engaged in making beer etc.

4. Section for the Modern Kingdom,

These are very rich times and the articles stored are too many; prominent items are, statues of Akhenaton, Amenhotep, Queen Tiye (broken), Thutmosis, a large vase with handle shaped as goat, Tomb deities retrieved from Deir el Medina, a vase used by Queen Hatshepsut, jewel chest, rare ornaments, chair of Sitamun, Bracelet belonging to Ramesses II etc

5. Section for the Greco Roman Period,

The Greeks entered Egypt to ward of the Persian Kings; later both cultures got amalgamated; even gods were shared in between! This period is dominated by the resurgence of animal worship. Sculptures Egyptian Gods. Falcon headed crocodile cat statues made of bronze, funeral mask of Amenemope etc are some of the exhibits of this time. Considerable numbers of the mummified animals stored in this museum belong to this era

Coins and papyrus

One of the world’s most ancient collections of coins, papyrus works etc are the real wealth of this museum. These coins were made of gold, silver bronze etc belong to ancient Egypt, Greek, Roman tell the trade partners of ancient Egypt and their progress in metallurgy, while minting tells much about the civilization that existed in their place of origin. These papyrus (made from a plant used as paper) with Greek, Roman, Arabic as well as hieroglyph that was used in ancient Egypt. Potsherds are real story tellers that last for ever.

From the Valley of Kings

Egyptian museum image courtesy: syjoho.nl

The real crowd pullers are the remains of Pharaohs recovered from the tombs of the Valley of Kings (new kingdom), Dahshur (middle kingdom), Deirel Bahari, Amama, Tell el, Thebes (new name Luxor), Memphis, Karnak, Abu Simbel, Giza etc include altogether 27 royal mummies of Pharaohs belonged to various dynasties, grave materials kept in the tomb, statuettes, royal jewellery (all extremely rare and very precious), etc. In this aspect the treasures retrieved from the tomb of Tutankhamun is the superstar of the show; but hefty fee is levied for a look at it.

Sarcophagi (singular sarcophagus)

Egyptian museum image courtesy:richard-seaman.com

Egyptians enclosed the mummified bodies in a box made of stone carved to make it most attractive; especially the Pharaohs had their dead members bodies enclosed in very exquisitely made sarcophagi. These sarcophagi being made of stone found worthless to the tomb robbers and let them there after emptying the valuables. For archeologists these sarcophagi were very conclusive evidences to determine the occupant of the tomb. In Egyptian Museum these stone sarcophagi with their beautiful engravings present a mysterious feeling among visitors and act as crowd pullers.

The Library

Egyptian museum image courtesy: eb.com

There is a grand library with 42,500 books magazines and periodicals attached to the museum this is managed by The Highest Council of Monuments. Here books of English, French, Latin, Dutch and Arabic etc about 20 periodicals are added every month. These collections of rare books are made with special stress on all branches of ancient civilization and culture like literature, mathematics, medicine etc. Admission to the library is restricted to research students and scholars only.

Each times some new things!

Egyptian museum image courtesy: Peter Brubacher

A visit to this museum requires a lot of time to appreciate each items; hiring the service of a guide is worth otherwise a visitor most probably may miss items of significance and bi pass it for some large and beautiful thing with less historical importance (it is said that one visitor noticed the statue of a female brewer making beer only on his third visit to the museum as he missed the beauty during his past two visits. It is facts that people who have made several visits finding new items. In 2002 the 2^nd centenary of the museum was quite significant as very so far not displayed items were on the shelves.

Egyptian Museum Cairo Egypt

Egyptian Museum (Museum of Egyptian Antiquities) Cairo Egypt

Egyptian museum image courtesy: egyptgiftshop.com

The essence of all under one roof

The word Egypt creates a mosaic of images in a reader’s mind consisting of the gigantic pyramids guarded by fearsome Sphinx; never ending sand dunes of the Sahara Desert, the great River Nile and numerous monuments standing on its banks bathed in the desert sun; etc all grand and impressive. When all these monuments get stored beneath one roof what can that place be called? Well we can call it The Egyptian Museum! Because it contains at least even a fragment from every monument found in Egypt. There may be no Pharaoh who had not left at least a trace of his belongings to this museum; whether it is Queen Hatshepsut, Akhenaton, Thutmose, Ramesses of any number; all are represented.

A child of Ismail Pasha

Egyptian museum image courtesy: dignubia.org

The Egyptian Museum was established in 1835 by the initiative of Ismail Pasha; the architect of modern Cairo. At first it was opened with the collections received from Augusto Mariette a French archaeologist engaged by Ismail Pasha. Its first location was at Azbakia Gardens at the Center of Cairo. It was then moved to Bulaq a nearby place in 1858. Damages to the building due to flood in Nile necessitated a change and a building of its own came to being. The present museum built in 1902 was designed by a French architect Marcel Dournon. It is a huge neoclassic building built in 1902 and located in Midan el Thahrir, Cairo. It has two floors (ground floor and the upper floor).

Auguste Mariette

The idea of Egyptian Museum actually belongs to Auguste Mariette who could convince Ismail Pasha of the necessity of such a set up to protect the monuments from looting and vandalizing. Mariette was a French scholar/explorer of the 19^th century who had contributed in enriching ancient Egyptian history. It was he who excavated the Khafre’s Pyramid at Giza in 1853 – 58. Later in 1881 he brought forth the Pyramid Texts carved on the walls of the tomb in Pyramid of Pepi I at Saqqarah.

No parallel

Egyptian museum image courtesy: richard-seaman.com

Egyptian Museum is the richest display center of Egyptian antiquities in the world that houses about 16,000 artifacts of which less than half is displayed on the shelves and the rest kept in the stores. Certain items are taken out from the store and displayed as ‘the articles of the month’. In 2002 at the time of the 2^nd centenary of the new building very special items that were never exhibited were on display. Most of these materials were collected from various sites like ancient temples, royal tombs, pyramids, and various locations that lie scattered all around Egypt.

Texts of archaeologists

The museum has two floors Ground Floor of the museum has 42 rooms and the upper floor has 47. Antiquities belonged to 4^th, to the 25^th dynasties, royal and private relieves, paintings, figurines, those retrieved from Giza, remains from the Middle and New Kingdoms like large sculptures, sarcophagi, statues etc are displayed. Other artifacts of historical importance are coins, papyrus, pieces of pottery and various artifacts most of them belonging to the New Kingdom (between 1550 and 1070 BC).

Chronological settings

The artifacts are arranged in chronological order and a visitor can be a time traveler while seeing the artifacts as they are arranged. One who follows the order will finally reach the ground floor where there are items from Thutmose III, IV, Amenophis, Queen Hatshepsut, and Meherpren are stored after a travel that lasted 5000 years!

Egyptian museum image courtesy:richard-seaman.com

1 the first section and most valuable is the treasures of Tutankhamun.

2. Monuments pertaining to the Pre-dynasty Old Kingdom.

3. Fist Intermediate and Middle Kingdom.

4. Monuments pertaining to the Modern Kingdom.

5. Monuments from the Greco- Roman Period.

6. Coins and papyrus collections.

7. Sarcophagi (stone coffins generally adorned with a sculpture) of royal members).

1. The treasures of Tutankhamun; the son of King Akhenaton and his second wife Kiye; wore the crown at the age of eight/nine and dead at the age of 18. He was buried in The Valley of Kings in tomb number KV 62 along with all the materials he used while living. These remains include a mask and chest plate made of solid gold (that itself weighed 24 pounds, more over the weapons, rare ornaments, instruments, decorated chest for ivory and ornaments, four chariots for war and ride, vases, flasks, and various items altogether 3500 in number. Admission to this hall requires costly ticket.

2. The section for Monuments of Old Kingdom; The Old Kingdom spans from 3^rd to 6^th dynasties. The monuments like statues, potteries spoons etc pertain to this period as well as those belonging prehistoric times. The Old Kingdom is also known as the Kingdom of Pyramids as Pyramids were constructed at this time.

3. Section for the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom,

This period following the Old Kingdom was a time of disunity for Egypt; it is believed that most of the tomb robberies were made in this period when River Nile shrunk and agriculture was reduced. This period was marked by less construction activities. The monuments include numerous statues including one big statue of Hotep, statue of a Hippo, numerous figurines, Pillar of Senusret with bas relief, funerary masks, ornaments one beautiful female brewer engaged in making beer etc.

4. Section for the Modern Kingdom,

These are very rich times and the articles stored are too many; prominent items are, statues of Akhenaton, Amenhotep, Queen Tiye (broken), Thutmosis, a large vase with handle shaped as goat, Tomb deities retrieved from Deir el Medina, a vase used by Queen Hatshepsut, jewel chest, rare ornaments, chair of Sitamun, Bracelet belonging to Ramesses II etc

5. Section for the Greco Roman Period,

The Greeks entered Egypt to ward of the Persian Kings; later both cultures got amalgamated; even gods were shared in between! This period is dominated by the resurgence of animal worship. Sculptures Egyptian Gods. Falcon headed crocodile cat statues made of bronze, funeral mask of Amenemope etc are some of the exhibits of this time. Considerable numbers of the mummified animals stored in this museum belong to this era

Coins and papyrus

One of the world’s most ancient collections of coins, papyrus works etc are the real wealth of this museum. These coins were made of gold, silver bronze etc belong to ancient Egypt, Greek, Roman tell the trade partners of ancient Egypt and their progress in metallurgy, while minting tells much about the civilization that existed in their place of origin. These papyrus (made from a plant used as paper) with Greek, Roman, Arabic as well as hieroglyph that was used in ancient Egypt. Potsherds are real story tellers that last for ever.

From the Valley of Kings

Egyptian museum image courtesy: syjoho.nl

The real crowd pullers are the remains of Pharaohs recovered from the tombs of the Valley of Kings (new kingdom), Dahshur (middle kingdom), Deirel Bahari, Amama, Tell el, Thebes (new name Luxor), Memphis, Karnak, Abu Simbel, Giza etc include altogether 27 royal mummies of Pharaohs belonged to various dynasties, grave materials kept in the tomb, statuettes, royal jewellery (all extremely rare and very precious), etc. In this aspect the treasures retrieved from the tomb of Tutankhamun is the superstar of the show; but hefty fee is levied for a look at it.

Sarcophagi (singular sarcophagus)

Egyptian museum image courtesy:richard-seaman.com

Egyptians enclosed the mummified bodies in a box made of stone carved to make it most attractive; especially the Pharaohs had their dead members bodies enclosed in very exquisitely made sarcophagi. These sarcophagi being made of stone found worthless to the tomb robbers and let them there after emptying the valuables. For archeologists these sarcophagi were very conclusive evidences to determine the occupant of the tomb. In Egyptian Museum these stone sarcophagi with their beautiful engravings present a mysterious feeling among visitors and act as crowd pullers.

The Library

Egyptian museum image courtesy: eb.com

There is a grand library with 42,500 books magazines and periodicals attached to the museum this is managed by The Highest Council of Monuments. Here books of English, French, Latin, Dutch and Arabic etc about 20 periodicals are added every month. These collections of rare books are made with special stress on all branches of ancient civilization and culture like literature, mathematics, medicine etc. Admission to the library is restricted to research students and scholars only.

Each times some new things!

Egyptian museum image courtesy: Peter Brubacher

A visit to this museum requires a lot of time to appreciate each items; hiring the service of a guide is worth otherwise a visitor most probably may miss items of significance and bi pass it for some large and beautiful thing with less historical importance (it is said that one visitor noticed the statue of a female brewer making beer only on his third visit to the museum as he missed the beauty during his past two visits. It is facts that people who have made several visits finding new items. In 2002 the 2^nd centenary of the museum was quite significant as very so far not displayed items were on the shelves.

Valley of the Kings

Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt

The tomb of Twosret and Setnakhte showing descending corridor

(Wadi Biban el Muluk = Gate of the Kings)

This is a valley in west bank of River Nile; part of the Theban Archaeological Sites (near Luxor or Karnak Temple). The Theban (old name for Luxor) sites include the Valley of the Kings, Valley of Queens, Nobles, Temples and Shrines pertaining to the Pharaoh period. During the Pharaonic times the Kings Valley was exclusively preserved for the burial of its dead members. During the New Kingdom Period (it was at this time the Pharaohs rose to most powerful position) that lasted almost 500 years the tombs were made cutting the valleys and the cliffs of mount Al Qurn.

A second life with all paraphernalia

Tomb of Ay, Luxor - Valley of the Kings (Western Valley)

Ancient Egyptians believed in life after death within the same body; hence they preserved the dead ones after mummification. This is a process done to preserve the dead body so that the dead can happily go through his life after death. The internal organs were removed and some spices where stuffed in to the hollow parts; the body was embalmed with silk cloth for protection. Along with the body four jars were also kept with the removed internal organs like liver, lungs, stomach and intestine. There was also placed a shabti or statuette often made of marble or wood as company to the dead along with images of Egyptian gods for his care. Food materials, ornaments, gold, and all required for the dead for his after life were placed in his tomb.

The majestic Al Qurn a natural pyramid

al-Qurn dominates the valley

The Valley of Kings was exclusive for the Pharaoh Kings and the tombs were made by digging the side of hill beneath the Al Qurn; building a good entrance and cutting long stairways that lead to the crypt where the body is placed. The Al Qurn Peak which oversees both of the valleys is shaped like a pyramid; reason for selecting it as the site, it isolated position offered better safety to the tombs. The location was carefully selected by checking the condition of the soil.

Tomb raiders and flash floods

valley of the kings

As these tombs contained valuable materials; it was a general practice for thieves to break in and rob the toms (they were called tomb robbers). There were royal guards posted for the protection of these sites yet most of the 64 tombs of the site remain broken. The damages were done from the part of the weather also; though the site is a part of the big Sahara Desert; two or three flash floods occurred within this long period but that was enough and more to immerse several valuable sites in mud and debris damaging the rare artifacts and paintings.

Virtual treasures!

Valley of the kings map courtesy: crystalinks.com

The status of these valleys (within the Theban Necropolis) as a Royal Burial remained intact for almost five hundred years (from the 12^th to 18^th dynasties (16^th century BC to 11^th century BC) and the number of tombs rose to that level the site got too much crowded and cutting tract for one often reached in to a previous one. There was no master plan or atlas to lead the grave diggers, yet it remains a mystery that such collisions were comparatively rare. While these tombs were virtual treasures of history and culture; in the absence of master plans they remained elusive to the explorers; about two centuries and hard labor of thousands of people were required to find them out.

Each tomb a task

Pillar in Seti I's tomb

It is from the 18the century onwards serious researches commenced by archaeologists in these sites. They have done extensive works on this site and found many clues to demystify the ancient history of Egypt. There were no charts or a plan to the numerous sites which included shrines, tombs, graffiti etc. Most of the sites were immersed in mud and silt carried by the rare flash floods occurred in the region. The earth also was unpredictable and at times hard to dig while at times collapsed setting traps.

Tricks of the trade

View of the central East Valley, showing area around KV62

The tombs discovered were numbered prefixing ‘KV’ for the Valley of Kings like KV 1, KV 2 etc, those in the western valley are with prefix like WV 22, 23 etc. The digging of a tomb had to be done horizontally; that involved more strain; men had to work in tunnels that were humid, crammed and dark (this portion belonged to the Sahara Desert). The debris dug out could not be disposed as such as there was possibility of it containing valuable pieces of archaic importance. It had to be filtered then load it in a truck to be disposed from outside the site (leaving it within the site may waste another teams efforts at next time).

The following are the sites with names and relevance

KV 1 belongs to Ramesses 7; 20^th Dynasty; discovered in 1984 by Edwin Brock,

KV 2 is of Ramesses 4; low down main valley located between KV 1 and KV 7.

KV 3 no marks of burial, might be for son of Ramesses 3, and later used a Christian chapel.

KV 4 is the last Royal Tomb; supposed to be of Ramesses 11 of the 20^th Dynasty; excavated by John Romer.

KV 5 son of Ramesses 2; was a very amazing tomb that was lying filled with mud of the flash flood, though it was noticed as early as 1825 by James Burton and later by Howard Carter; its real quality assessed only during 1987 - 1995. The Theban Mapping Project undertaken by Kent A Weeks made a real break through; potsherds, beads, ushabti (funerary figures placed in tombs with other grave goods), a big statue of Osiris the god of afterlife etc were recovered from it.

KV 6, built for Ramesses 9; unfinished as king died earlier; big gate and ramp; final chamber with exquisite graffiti made for ‘opening of mouth’ ceremony (a ritual when the mouth of the dead is opened for breathe and talk); an Old Kingdom ritual.

KV6 - valley of the kings

KV 7 the final resting place for Ramesses 2; badly damaged by floods.

KV 8 built for Merenptah; corridor 160 meters long; sarcophagus was originally built in four nested stones.

KV 8 - valley of the kings

KV 9; built for Ramesses 5 but had to be used for his uncle Ramesses 6; built in typical 20^th Dynasty simple style.

KV 10; believed to be of Pharaoh Amenmesse.

KV 11; built for Ramesses 3; opened in unknown times; also known as Harpers Tomb as there are pictures of blind harpers on its walls; as Bruce entered in to it in 1761it is also called Bruce Timb.

KV 11 - valley of the kings

KV 12; a tomb used for multiple burials; similar to KV 5; excavated by Harold James, Otto Schaden and Howard Carter.

KV 13; said to belong Bay the owner of the tomb who was executed by Pharaoh; but no remains of him found; excavated by Hartwig Attenmuller.

KV 14; one of the largest tombs; made for two persons; was opened in antiquity; recordings made by Hartwig Altenmuller between 1983 and 87.

KV 15; made for Pharaoh Seti 2; the sarcophagus removed and an unidentified mummy placed instead of it; excavated by Howard Carter.

KV 16; built for Ramesses 1 of the 19^th Dynasty; decorated with the ‘Book of Gates’ (a sacred text of ancient Egypt which states that the soul of the dead has to pass through numerous gates each guarded by a goddess; only after answering her questions one can pass through; those who fail will be put in to the lake of fire!); excavated by Geovanni Belzoni.

KV 17; built for Seti 1; the largest tomb but damaged by ‘explorers’ who removed some sections to be taken away; excavated by Geovanni Belzoni, G. Battista and Howard Carter.

KV 18; is incomplete.

KV 19; made for Ramesses 8 but had to be used for Ramesses 9; paintings of Egyptian Gods like, Osiris, Ptah, Khonsu, Thoth etc decorate the walls; excavated by Belzoni.

KV 20 is significant as the tomb for Thutmose and Queen Hatshepsot (queens body was identified only on June, 2007 by DNA tests; the body of Thutmose 1 was removed by Thutmose 3 later to KV 38; excavated by Howard Carter.

KV 21 contains only unidentified mummies of two women; excavated by Geovanni Belzoni in 1817;

WV 22 (in western valley); tomb of Amenhotep 3 with two dub burial chambers for his wives; sarcophagus missing; discovered by Prosper Jollois; and Edouard de Villiers both Napoleon’s engineers; officially excavated by Howard Carter.

WV 23; near Luxor in Western Valley; tomb of Pharaoh ‘Ay’ desecrated by unknown and sarcophagus is reconstituted; excavated by Geovanni Battista and Belzoni..

WV 24 not fully excavated; discovered by Robert Hay; partly excavated Otto Schaden.

WV 25 presumed to be built for Akhenaton’s Theban Tomb and left unfinished; excavated by Geovanni Battista and Belzoni.

WV 26 occupant not identified; it is a small one; must be of the 18^th Dynasty; excavated by James Burton.

KV 27 discovered by John Wilkinson in 1990; it is undecorated and unfinished; occupant unknown; excavated by Donald P Ryan.

KV 28 occupant unknown; first excavations unrecorded; Donald P Ryon has found parts of two damaged body parts; presumed to be of the Nobles.

KV 29 not excavated.

KV 30 occupant unknown; discovered by Belzoni in 1817; a mission sponsored by Lord Belmore hence known as Lord Belmore’s Tomb; excavated by Victor Loret.

KV 31 covered in sand and debris; nothing known about the occupant; excavated by Geovanni Belzoni.

KV 32 burial site Tia’a; wife of Amenhotep and mother of Thutmose 4; discovered by Victor Loret in 1898; excavation incomplete.

KV 33 not fully excavated; nothing known of the occupant; discovered by Victor Loret.

KV 34 occupant Thutmose 3; 18 dynasty Pharaoh; sarcophagus though damaged still in place; widely vandalized by tomb raiders walls decorated in unusual style; excavated by Victor Loret..

KV 34 - valley of the kings

KV 35 occupant Amenhotep 2; discovered by Victor Loret in 1898; the tomb has the shape of a dog’s leg; lower part holding the sarcophagus of the king; later it became a cache of various mummies like Amenhotep 3, Thutmose 4, Seti 2, Septah, Ramesses 4, 5 and 6, along with many unknown mummies.

KV 36 occupant Maiherpri a Noble; details unpublished; discovered by Victor Loret.

KV 37 badly damaged; occupant unknown; discovered by Victor Loret.

KV 38 original tomb of Thutmose 1; later the body removed to KV 20 by Thutmose 3; discovered by Victor Loret.

KV 39 located in high on the hills away from other burials in the eastern part of Al Qurn; its structure also varies from other tombs

KV 40; original occupant not known; barring the upper portion all remain filled with debris; excavated by Loret in 1899.

KV 41; occupant not identified; found by Loret.

KV 42; made for Hatshepsut wife of Thutmose 3 but it was Sennefur got buried there during the time of Amenhotep; excavated by Victor Loret and Howard Carter.

KV 43; tomb of Thutmose 3; shaped like a dog’s leg; discovered by Howard Carter; located on the higher side of the cliff far above the valley; decorations of the walls intact; the outer stone of sarcophagus intact within the burial chamber excavated by Howard Carter for Theodore M Davis.

KV 44; occupant not known; pottery fragments retrieved indicate 18^th dynasty tomb; but it was reused in the 22^nd dynasty time; excavated by Howard Carter and Ryan.

KV 45; made for Usarhat a Noble of the 18^th century.

KV 46; tomb of Yuya and wife Tjuyu parents of Queen Tiye wife of Amenhotep 3; tomb rediscovered by James E Quibell in 1905; it is one of the best preserved tombs in the site with even the sarcophagi intact.

KV 47; tomb of Siptah of the 19^th dynasty; discovered by Edward Ayrton.

KV 48; made for Noble Amenemopet;

KV 49; not a tomb; might be a ‘mummy repairing unit’; excavated by Ayrton.

KV 50 to 53; burial ground for animals explorations made by Ayrton.

KV 54; not a tomb; a pit located near the tomb of Seti; large jars carefully packed with invaluable articles; at present kept in Metropolitan Museum of Arts.

KV 55; severely vandalized years back; believed to be of Akhenaten son of Queen Tiye of 18^th dynasty; marks of multiple burials done in the site; a mummy has been found with ornaments missing (later the golden plates were returned by a collector to Munich; at present the same in Egyptian Museum. Four canopy jars made of alabaster along with some damaged wooden pieces with her name inscribed were found in the tomb; discovered by Ayrton.

KV 56; original occupant unknown; casket disintegrated; known as golden tomb as some gold ornaments, a pair of silver gloves, a set of ear-rings marked Seti 2 found; discovered by Ayrton in 1908; were present on the mummy;

KV 57; burial of Horenheb the last Pharaoh of 18^th dynasty; sarcophagus carved out of red quartzite; passages of the book of the Gates and painted bas relief instead of paintings; discovered by Ayrton in 1908.

KV 58 known as Chariot Tomb; remains from WV 23 (Ay’s) tomb dumped in to it; it was discovered by Harold Jones.

KV 59; it is incomplete and no remains present.

KV 60; occupant presumed to be Queen Hatshepsut; seriously desecrated in antiquity; discovered by H. Carter in 1903; reopened in 1906 by Donald P Ryan and Edward P Ryan; had two mummies which were taken to Cairo Museum for research in 2007; one is presumed to be of Sit Ra the Royal Nurse and the other of Queen Hatshepsut.

KV 61; no proof of any burial made in this tomb; discovered by Harold Jones in 1910.

KV 62; belonged to the mysterious child king Tutankhamun; being located beneath a labor colony it could escape the hands of tomb robbers; discovered first by Theodore M Davis; but unfortunately they did not realize the real size and returned exploring only the top chamber. Harold Carter was the explorer who found the real tomb and the accompanying treasures.

KV 62 - valley of the kings

KV 63; this is the most recent find; it was not a tomb but a mummy preparing chamber but valuable finding could be made like big jars, salts, linen, pieces of potter etc (pottery is for archaeologists like open books they can read much from a piece).

KV 64; located near KV 63; found in March 2006; no remains found; its status as a tomb and the number ‘KV 64’ itself not yet approved.

The absence of a master plan of the tombs makes it hard to say whether there is any more lying undetected; however it is presumed that most of the tombs in this site have been detected and excavated.